SALAH satu perusahaan yang boleh dijalankan oleh petani dan pengusaha pertanian ialah penanaman cendawan disebabkan beberapa faktor.
Faktor utama adalah keuntungan yang tinggi yang boleh diperoleh dalam jangkamasa pendek di samping kos pengeluaran yang rendah dimana bahan-bahan sampingan pertanian boleh digunakan.
Potensi dari segi pemasaran dan kandungan nutrien pemakanan yang tinggi juga menyumbang kepada minat petani untuk menceburi bidang perusahaan ini.
Penanaman cendawan
tiram kelabu
Penyediaan bahan
- Bahan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan media cendawan ini ialah habuk kayu getah, dedak padi, kapur pertanian dengan nisbah (100:10:1) dan kelembapan air 75 peratus.
- Sebagai contoh, untuk menyediakan 200 beg media, campuran yang diperluaskan adalah 100 kilogram (kg) habuk kayu getah, 10 kilogram (kg) dedak padi dan 1 kg kapur pertanian dan dicampurkan dengan air agar kelembapan campuran tersebut adalah 75 peratus.
Pembungkusan dan pengukusan
- Campuran media yang telah disediakan akan dimasukan ke dalam beg plastik polypropylene (PP) yang berukuran 30 sentimeter (sm) x 10sm x 10 sm dan dipadatkan.
- Penapis udara dipasang dengan menggunakan gelang leher dan penutup (cap) beserta dengan span.
- Beg PP ini perlu dikukus selama antara empat dan enam jam pada suhu 1,000 darjah C dan kemudian disejukkan pada suhu bilik selama 28 jam (dua hari).
Penyuntikan benih dan pemeraman
- Sebelum kerja penyuntikan dijalankan, langkah kebersihan perlu dijalankan iaitu kebersihan diri, bilik suntikan dan pastikan tiada kotoran atau habuk serta membuat semburan larutan basmi kuman seperti Dettol, Lysol dan Jeypine.
- Peralatan suntikan adalah spatula/dawai.
- Penyuntik, spirit,lampu, pemetik api dan pelindung pernafasan.
- Tangan perlu dicuci dengan larutan basmi kuman dan pakai pelindung pernafasan.
- Celupkan dawai penyuntik ke dalam larutan spirit dan bakar.
- Panaskan mulut botol benih dan leraikan benih dengan dawai penyuntik.
- Suntikan lima hingga lapan gram benih cendawan bagi setiap beg PP dan tutup beg PP dengan penutup dan disusun di bilik pemeraman.
Pemeraman
- Proses pemeraman dijalankan dalam bilik biasa yang mana micelium akan dibiarkan merebak hingga memenuhi keseluruhan media substrat.
- Proses ini pada kebiasaannya mengambil masa 50 -60 hari dimana beg PP yang rosak atau tercemar akan diasingkan dan beg PP yang elok akan dipindahkan ke bilik penghasilan.
Penghasilan
- Selepas empat hingga lima hari penutup pengudaraan dibuka, putik cendawan akan kelihatan.
- Selepas cendawan tumbuh dan hasil cendawan tersebut dikutip, hasil cendawan tersebut bolehlah dibungkus mengikut kesesuaian.
- Selepas cendawan dipetik, beg PP direhatkan selama tujuh hingga 10 hari dengan menutup semula permukaan beg PP dan dibuka selepas itu untuk kutipan hasil kedua dan seterusnya dengan cara yang sama hingga enam atau lapan kali kutipan.
- Suhu optimum dalam bilik penghasilan adalah 250 darjah C dengan kelembapan di antara 80 dan 95 peratus.
- Untuk mendapatkan keadaan sedemikian penyiraman perlu dijalankan dua kali sehari pada waktu pagi dan petang.
- Cahaya yang sesuai adalah adalah dalam keadaan yang mana seseorang boleh membaca tulisan akhbar di dalam bilik berkenaan.
Musuh dan penyakit
- Perosak utama adalah tikus, lalat, lipas, hama dan nematoda.
- ulat lain yang biasa menyerang media substrat adalah seperti Penicillium, Aspergillus dan Trichoderma.
- Pengawalan adalah dengan menjaga kebersihan rumah cendawan dan rak-rak dengan menggunakan bahan kimia basmi kuman seperti Dettol dan Lysol setiap kali habis musim penanaman.
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Perbetolkan fakta.
Kukus bukan 1000 darjah C kot,
100-110 darjah C betol.
Suhu kt tempat pengeluaran bukan 250 darjah C, tp yg betol 28 darjah C.
Tu yg aku pelik
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